Despite being rare, cancer in children is the second leading cause of death in children in developed countries, after accidents. Childhood cancers differ from adult cancers in terms of diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. One of the most significant differences is the survival rate. Statistics show that the five-year survival rate for children with cancer is about 83%, while this rate for adults is 69%. This difference is likely due to the better response of childhood cancers to treatment and the greater ability of children to tolerate aggressive treatment methods.
However, survival rates in children depend on factors such as age, type of cancer, and the stage at diagnosis. Therefore, early diagnosis plays a key role in improving treatment outcomes and increasing recovery chances.
What is cancer in children and adolescents?
Cancer is a disease in which the body’s cells grow and multiply uncontrollably. This disease can affect any part of the body, including vital organs. Some types of cancer are common to both children and adults, while others are only seen in children.
Cancer that occurs in children under 13 years old is referred to as childhood cancer, whereas cancer in younger children is usually defined as pediatric cancer. Medically, childhood cancer generally applies to the age group of 0 to 14 years. However, some adolescents under 18 years may also show signs of cancer. Therefore, if there is a genetic history, underlying diseases, or suspicious symptoms, it is essential to consult a “pediatric oncology specialist.” This medical branch focuses specifically on diagnosing and treating cancer in children.
Incidence of Cancer in Children
Every year, around 3 to 4 children out of every 100,000 die from cancer. Overall, nearly 96,000 children worldwide lose their lives to various types of cancer annually.
The survival rate for children with cancer is significantly higher in developed countries compared to low-income countries. In advanced countries, the success rate for controlling and treating childhood cancer is about 80%, while in less developed countries, this rate drops to 10 to 20%.
Unlike cancer in adults, which is usually caused by cumulative DNA damage over the years, childhood cancer primarily occurs due to disruptions in the natural process of cell growth.
Most Common Types of Cancer in Children
Among the various types of cancer that affect children, some are more common than others. Leukemia (blood cancer), brain tumors, and lymphoma are among the most common cancers in children. Fortunately, with advancements in treatment methods, about 70% of children with cancer, including leukemia, have a chance of recovery. Below, we will thoroughly examine the most common types of cancer in children, with the help of Shafa Hospital’s health magazine in Gorgan.
Symptoms of Cancer in Children (When to Worry?)
Cancer in children may begin without obvious symptoms or may show signs that can easily be mistaken for other illnesses. An important factor in early detection of various cancers is reviewing the family and genetic history of cancer. Pre-pregnancy screening tests can help identify some of the risks, but some children without a family history can still develop the disease.
In general, childhood cancers are divided into two main categories:
- Blood cancers (e.g., leukemia)
- Cancers affecting various organs of the body
If cancer occurs, the child may experience specific symptoms, including:
- Frequent and severe headaches
- Unexplained nausea and vomiting
- Vision problems and double vision
- Weak immune system and frequent infections
- Lack of concentration and learning difficulties
- Difficulty maintaining balance while walking
- Swelling or inflammation in a specific area of the body
- Unusual redness and inflammation of the eyes
- Loss of appetite and sudden behavioral changes
Important Note: If your child experiences severe headaches in the morning or nighttime leg pain that causes insomnia and does not improve with regular painkillers, it may indicate the presence of a tumor and requires immediate attention.
Attention to Children’s Health and the Importance of Timely Diagnosis
One of the most important responsibilities of parents is paying attention to the physical and behavioral changes in their children. Some symptoms may initially seem insignificant, but if they persist, they could be a sign of a serious issue. For example, a cold that lasts longer than two weeks may be linked to immune system deficiencies or deeper infections.
If your child experiences continuous headaches, especially in the morning, nighttime leg pain, dizziness, loss of appetite, or severe mood changes such as depression, you should not ignore it.
Read More: 13 Warning Signs of Cancer You Should Not Ignore
Leukemia in Children
Leukemia is one of the most common types of cancer in children, which can have a serious impact on the immune system and the production of blood cells. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are necessary to increase the chances of recovery for the child.
Causes of Cancer in Children (Why Do Some Children Get It?)
The exact cause of cancer in children is still not fully understood, but studies have shown that certain factors can increase the risk.
Factors Affecting Cancer in Children:
- Environmental factors and infections: Certain infections such as HIV and malaria may increase the risk of developing cancer.
- Genetic mutations during fetal development: Changes in DNA during early growth stages may lead to abnormal cell growth.
Can Childhood Cancer Be Prevented? There is no specific or single cause for cancer in children. It seems that a combination of genetic and environmental factors plays a role in the development of the disease. Unlike adults, lifestyle factors have little impact on childhood cancer. Some viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus and HIV, can increase the risk of certain types of cancer, such as lymphoma.
Most Common Types of Cancer in Children
Childhood cancers primarily originate from stem cells, which have the ability to produce various types of cells in the body. While adult cancers generally develop in epithelial cells that cover the body’s surfaces and cavities, environmental factors over a long period can contribute to cancer in adults. In contrast, genetic mutations or cellular changes during growth are more common causes of cancer in children.
- Brain Cancer in Children
Brain tumors in children come in different types, but medulloblastoma is the most common. This type of cancer is typically found in children aged 3 to 8 years and usually grows in the area of the brain responsible for movement and balance. In some cases, the tumor may spread to the spinal cord.
Symptoms of Brain Cancer in Children:
- Chronic headaches (especially in the morning, lasting more than four weeks)
- Repeated, unexplained vomiting
- Weakness or numbness in limbs
- Vision problems (blurry vision, double vision)
- Seizures
- Behavioral and mood changes
- Difficulty with balance and walking
- Abnormal head positioning
- Delayed puberty
- Leukemia in Children
Leukemia is one of the most common types of cancer in children, accounting for almost a third of all childhood cancer cases. It occurs due to abnormal growth of blood cells in the bone marrow, seriously affecting the immune system.
Common Types of Leukemia in Children:
- Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL): Most common in children, especially at age 4.
- Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML): Less common but progresses rapidly.
Children with this disease often experience unusual bruising and frequent infections.
Symptoms of Leukemia in Children:
- Extreme weakness and fatigue
- Unexplained bruising
- Abnormal and prolonged bleeding
- Frequent infections
- Pale skin
- Dizziness and shortness of breath
- Neuroblastoma – Cancer of the Nervous System
Neuroblastoma is one of the deadliest childhood cancers that forms in nerve tissue. It usually starts in the adrenal glands (above the kidneys) but can also be found in areas like the neck, chest, abdomen, or spine. Unfortunately, this cancer has one of the worst prognoses, with only 67% of patients surviving.
Symptoms of Neuroblastoma in Children:
- Severe bone pain
- Visible mass in the abdomen or chest
- Weakness and numbness in limbs
- Loss of appetite
- Frequent unexplained fevers
- Wilms Tumor (Kidney Cancer in Children)
This cancer primarily affects young children and is typically found in the kidneys. Wilms tumor originates from embryonic cells that remain in the child’s body. Although these cells usually disappear after birth, they remain unusually in this cancer. The exact cause is still unclear.
Symptoms of Wilms Tumor in Children:
- Enlarged abdomen and swelling
- Presence of blood in urine
- Fever and fatigue
- Weight loss and loss of appetite
- Abdominal pain and anemia
- High blood pressure
- Nausea and vomiting
- Lymphoma (Cancer of the Lymphatic System)
Lymphoma is a type of cancer that occurs in the lymphatic system, which plays a vital role in fighting infections. This disease is more common in children and adolescents, especially between ages 15 and 24. Lymphoma is divided into two main types: Hodgkin’s lymphoma and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
Symptoms of Lymphoma in Children:
- Swelling of lymph nodes in different body areas (neck, armpits, groin)
- Unusual weight loss and night sweats
- Frequent infections and easy bleeding
- Bruising and skin pallor
- Fever, fatigue, and weakness
- Mouth sores and pain in various body parts
- Rhabdomyosarcoma (Soft Tissue Cancer in Children)
This cancer forms in the soft tissues of the body and can be seen in areas like the head, neck, bladder, uterus, or reproductive organs. Tumors in these areas can cause various symptoms depending on their location.
Symptoms of Rhabdomyosarcoma Based on Tumor Location:
- Head or Neck: Nasal congestion, vision problems, and discharge from the nose and throat
- Abdomen: Abdominal pain and constipation
- Bladder: Presence of blood in urine and difficulty urinating
- Swelling and lumps in various body parts
- Bone Cancer in Children
Bone cancer in children is divided into two main types: osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma.
- Osteosarcoma is most often seen in the bones around the knee, while Ewing’s sarcoma primarily affects the pelvis, thighs, arms, or ribs. These cancers are more common in teenagers, and the survival rate is approximately 68%.
Symptoms of Bone Cancer in Children:
- Pain in the bone area
- Swelling and tenderness around the joint or bone
- Difficulty moving
- Weak bones and increased risk of fractures
- Fatigue, fever, and weight loss
- Liver Cancer in Children
Although rare, liver cancer can occur in children. The two main types of liver cancer in childhood include hepatoblastoma (more common in children under 3 years old) and hepatocellular carcinoma (in older children and adolescents). Risk factors for this cancer include low birth weight, hepatitis B or C infection, and liver damage.
Symptoms of Liver Cancer in Children:
- Abdominal mass or pain
- Weight loss and loss of appetite
- Early puberty in boys
- Jaundice and itching skin
- Fever and abdominal pain
- Excessive sweating and low energy
- Retinoblastoma: Eye Cancer in Children
Retinoblastoma is a rare eye cancer that most often affects children under five years old. This cancer usually has a good prognosis, and with appropriate treatment, survival rates exceed 95%. It often results from genetic abnormalities, but in some cases, the cause is unknown.
Symptoms of Retinoblastoma in Children:
- Redness of the eye without pain
- Abnormal white reflection in the pupil (visible in photos or dim light)
- Change in iris color (usually in one eye)
- Poor vision or crossed eyes
- Eye pain and swelling
- Spinal Tumors in Children
Spinal tumors develop from the accumulation of cancerous cells in the spinal cord or vertebrae. These tumors can be cancerous or non-cancerous and are more commonly seen in children aged 7 to 15. Spinal tumors usually cause pain and mobility issues due to pressure on the vertebrae or spinal cord.
Symptoms of Spinal Tumors in Children:
- Chronic pain in the back or neck
- Numbness or loss of sensation in the legs
- Weakness or temporary paralysis
- Difficulty moving or standing
- Severe back pain
Read More: Best Clinics for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment in Gorgan
Symptoms You Should Take Seriously!
Early detection of health problems in children is crucial, especially when symptoms are persistent or unusual. Here are some signs that require immediate consultation with a doctor:
- Prolonged Fever: A fever lasting more than 14 days may indicate an infection or a serious condition.
- Frequent and Chronic Headaches: If your child has headaches that persist for over two weeks, further investigation is necessary.
- Frequent Infections: Repeated infections may point to a weakened immune system or other underlying issues.
- Paleness: Pale skin or body color can be a sign of anemia or other disorders.
- Digestive Problems: If your child is having trouble digesting food, losing appetite, or experiencing digestive discomfort, they need to be checked.
- Anemia and Unusual Bleeding: Children showing signs of anemia or experiencing abnormal bleeding in specific areas should be examined.
- Nosebleeds or Gum Inflammation: Frequent nosebleeds or swollen gums can be a sign of blood problems or other health conditions.
- Frequent Vomiting: Vomiting, especially if related to increased pressure inside the skull, should be taken seriously, particularly if it lasts more than two weeks.
- Leg Pain During Growth: If your child experiences pain in their legs, especially at night or if it disrupts their sleep, it should be checked out.
- Difficulty Walking: Children with walking difficulties or severe joint and bone pain should seek medical consultation.
Warning: Never use medications like aspirin or ibuprofen on your child without a doctor’s guidance for pain relief. Using aspirin in children can lead to Reye’s syndrome, which can be dangerous. This should be taken seriously.
The Right Doctor for Diagnosing and Treating Cancer in Children
For diagnosing and treating cancer in children, the best option is to consult a pediatric oncologist, hematologist, or oncologist. These specialists are specifically trained in childhood cancers and can help identify the symptoms and signs of cancerous diseases accurately.
If you notice any unusual lumps, concerning symptoms, or abnormal changes in your child’s body, it is advisable to consult these specialists immediately. They will use advanced tests and precise diagnostic methods to provide an accurate diagnosis and choose the best treatment options for your child. Additionally, they offer psychological support and counseling services to accompany families throughout the treatment process.
Best Pediatric Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Clinic in Gorgan
One of the best centers for pediatric cancer diagnosis and treatment in Gorgan is Shafa Clinic. This clinic offers specialized services and has a team of experienced medical professionals to help young patients receive the best possible treatment.
At this center, the latest diagnostic and treatment methods are used, including blood tests, advanced imaging, surgery, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy. The goal is to provide children with cancer the best chances for recovery. Additionally, the clinic’s specialists not only focus on medical treatments but also provide psychological support and special care for children and their families. If you notice any suspicious symptoms in your child, visiting Shafa Clinic in Gorgan can be a crucial step for early detection and effective cancer treatment.
Schedule an Appointment with Leading Cancer Specialists in Gorgan:
- To schedule an appointment: Dr. Farzaneh Bagheri
- To schedule an appointment: Dr. Mahmoud Abdollahi
- To schedule an appointment: Dr. Nasim Feyzi
Cancer Diagnosis Methods for Children
The first step in diagnosing cancer in children is visiting a doctor for a physical examination. The doctor will assess the symptoms and ask about the child’s medical history and recent symptoms. It’s important for parents to fully cooperate and provide accurate information. After the physical exam, the doctor may require the following tests:
- Blood tests to check the number and shape of cells.
- Imaging tests such as radiology, ultrasound, CT scans, and MRIs.
- Biopsy or sampling from tumors to examine for cancerous cells.
- Genetic tests.
- Bone density tests.
Types of Cancer Treatments for Children
Cancer treatment in children depends on the type and stage of cancer. Treatments include:
- Surgery: The tumor is directly removed from the child’s body.
- Chemotherapy: Using chemical substances to destroy cancer cells.
- Radiotherapy: The use of X-rays to destroy cancer cells.
- Immunotherapy: Strengthening the child’s immune system to fight cancer.
- Stem Cell (Bone Marrow) Transplantation: Healthy stem cells are introduced into the child’s blood to generate new cells.
Maintaining the Child’s Spirit During Treatment
During cancer treatment, maintaining the child’s spirit is essential. Parents can encourage the child to remain strong and positive through methods such as surprising them, reading educational books, or creating special rooms for long-term treatment.
Side Effects of Cancer Treatment in Children
Cancer treatment can cause side effects like hair loss, severe vomiting, weight loss, loss of appetite, and depression. In such situations, family support and engaging the child in light physical and psychological activities are crucial for maintaining the child’s morale.
Recommendations to Prevent Cancer in Children
Preventing cancer in children is closely linked to the environment and parental behaviors. Some recommendations to reduce the risk of cancer include:
- Avoid tobacco use: Do not use cigarettes or tobacco products around children.
- Prevent sunburn: Use hats and sunscreen to protect children from harmful UV rays.
- Healthy diet: Focus on a balanced diet and avoid excessive consumption of fast foods.
- Maintain a healthy weight: Ensure that the child grows at a healthy pace and maintains an appropriate weight.
- Regular exercise: Encourage regular physical activity with the child.
- Avoid exposure to harmful chemicals and hormones: Limit contact with toxic substances, including harmful chemicals and hormones.
- Environmental hygiene: Maintain a clean environment and ensure proper hygiene for the child.
Final Words
Cancer in children is a complex and challenging condition that can cause anxiety and confusion for parents. However, being aware of the early signs, seeking timely consultation with a specialist, and early diagnosis can play a vital role in treatment and improving the child’s condition. As mentioned earlier, the treatment for pediatric cancer includes methods such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy, depending on the type and severity of the disease.
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